Thomas J. Farrell
University of Minnesota Duluth
Abstract: In this short article with a long title (and a lengthy abstract), I highlight the thought in three sources in particular: (1) Pope Francis’ 2024 encyclical in detail, (2) Robert Moore’s account of the masculine Lover archetype and the feminine Lover archetype in detail, and (3) Walter J. Ong’s account of primary orality in connection with Pope Francis’ quotations from the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament, on the one hand, and, on the other, Ong’s account of our contemporary secondary orality in connection with the worldwide popularity of heterosexual pornography on the internet today. I should also note here that online heterosexual pornography is primarily a visual phenomenon – but accompanied by a strong audible soundtrack not only of the woman’s voice but also of her happy sighs as well. The sex of the heterosexual partners is real – as the former pornstar Stormy Daniels said to one of Trump’s lawyers who had something about it being fake. Yes, some of the happy sighs of the heterosexual women may be faked and/or exaggerated. Now, I use Robert Moore’s account of The Impotent Lover “shadow” forms of the masculine Lover archetype and of the feminine Lover archetype to critique the moral vision of the Roman Catholic Church regarding individual personal psychological development. Then I use a quotation from Pope Francis’ 2024 encyclical as the springboard for my defense of the men and women who perform in pornography — many of whom in the Western world come from at least a nominally Christian background. Despite sharp critiques of online heterosexual pornography on variously formulated theoretical grounds (e.g., religious grounds, feminist grounds), online heterosexual pornography continues to be popular. Now, I do not expect that my defense in this short article of the men and women who perform in online heterosexual pornography will somehow change the prevailing public attitudes about online heterosexual pornography and make the men and women who perform in it as socially acceptable as, say, Hollywood actors and actresses who perform in movies and television shows. Nevertheless, I advance my argument here for your consideration. Finally, I need to say here that a shift occurred in online heterosexual pornography from a “before” period when incest-themed heterosexual pornography was not common to an “after” period when it became ubiquitous. Because Wikipedia has an entry of on the enormously popular Jenna Jameson (born on April 9, 1974, with body measurements of 36-22-33), I should note here that she achieved her enormous popularity in the “before” period. The Wikipedia entry about her reports that “By 2005, ClubJenna [website, started in 2000] had revenues of US$30 million with profits estimated at half that.” The entry also reports that “Her 2004 autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale, spent six weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.” In addition, the entry says, “Jameson announced her retirement from pornography at the 2008 AVN Awards, stating that she would never return to the industry. Although she no longer performs in pornographic films, she began working as a webcam model in 2013.” In the “after” period, mom-son online heterosexual pornography has become extremely popular. However, no woman who performs in mom-son porn videos has achieved sufficient notoriety for her for performances to merit having a Wikipedia entry devoted to her life and work. In a video, I heard one middle-aged woman who has made many, many mom-son porn videos say that this historic shift in online heterosexual porn occurred as a result of the popularity of the television series Game of Thrones (2011-2019) – which featured incest. Her explanation sounds plausible. However, I have no idea how it could be confirmed or disconfirmed. Nevertheless, I think that it is safe for me to say here that despite the enormous popularity of incest-themed online heterosexual pornography, especially mom-son porn videos, the centuries-old taboo against incest strikes me as still being strong in the Western world today – and I am not here arguing against maintaining this strong taboo against incest. (Now, in my online searches, I did not find any sources that adequately explained the financial dimensions of free online heterosexual pornography. However, when I searched for “net worth” of certain well-known women who perform in free online heterosexual pornography, I found estimates of their net worth in the millions [USD]. For understandable reasons, the women who perform in online heterosexual pornography are paid better than the men are. But I do not know how reliable those estimates of those women’s net worth are.)
I should begin this short article with a personal disclosure: I was in the Jesuit order (known formally as the Society of Jesus) from 1979 to 1987. As part of my standard Jesuit novitiate experience, I made a 30-day directed retreat in silence (except for the daily conferences with the retreat director), following the succinct instructions in the short book of spiritual exercises titled simply the Spiritual Exercises and written by the Spanish Renaissance mystic St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), who along with certain young idealistic companions founded the Society of Jesus. In any event, my 30-day directed retreat was a memorable event in my life.
Consequently, when the Argentinian Jesuit Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio (born in 1936) was elected pope in March 2013, I decided to read up about him and then follow him and his papacy. He took the name Pope Francis in honor of the medieval Italian saint and founder of the Franciscan order, St. Francis of Assisi (c.1181-1226).
Now, because the Roman Catholic Church is a worldwide church and has an enormous number of faithful members, all popes are well covered by the news media, including Pope Francis. In his interactions with journalists, he turned out to be golden-tongued. Journalists did their jobs diligently and reported his golden-sounding words in the new media. Some of his golden-sounding soundbites sounded like music to the ears of certain liberals who had long considered the Roman Catholic Church a bastion of conservative views of several well-known issues.
Against this backdrop, I wrote my widely read OEN article “Pope Francis on Evil and Satan” (dated March 24, 2019). It is a profile of the doctrinally conservative Pope Francis.
More recently, I wrote a critique of the Roman Catholic Church’s moral vision of individual personal development in my OEN article “Robert Moore on Optimal Human Psychological Development” (dated September 17, 2024). Briefly, I use the thought of the late Jungian psychotherapist and psychological theorist Robert Moore (1942-2016; Ph.D. in religion and psychology, University of Chicago, 1975) to discuss the two “shadow” forms of the masculine Lover archetype and the feminine Lover archetype in the human psyche: (1) The Impotent Lover “shadow” form of each; and (2) The Addicted Lover “shadow” form of each.
According to Robert Moore’s psychological theory, there is only one optimal form of the masculine Lover archetype and of the feminine Lover archetype in the human psyche.
In any event, in my critique of the Roman Catholic Church’s moral vision for individual personal psychological development, I claim that that vision embodies The Impotent Lover “shadow form of the masculine Lover archetype in the human psyche; and The Impotent Lover “shadow” form of the feminine Lover archetype in the human psyche.
In my OEN article “Robert Moore on Optimal Human Psychological Development,” I also mention briefly that the women and men who perform in the porn industry are mainlining The Addicted Lover “shadow” forms of the masculine Lover archetype and The Addicted Lover “shadow” form of the feminine Lover archetype in the human psyche. In addition, they tend to be strongly exhibitionistic.
Now, just as the Roman Catholic Church today is a worldwide organization, so too the porn industry today is worldwide.
(I will return briefly below to the men and women who perform in the porn industry in the English-speaking world, many of whom come from a Christian background, in connection with a certain passage in Pope Francis’ new 2024 encyclical.)
In the meantime, no doubt many other ordinary Americans are also mainlining The Addicted Lover “shadow” forms of the masculine and the feminine Lover archetypes in the human psyche. But most ordinary Americans do not tend to be strongly exhibitionistic, as men and women who perform in porn tend to be.
Similarly, a good many other Americans are mainlining The Impotent Lover “shadow” forms of the masculine Lover archetype and the feminine Lover archetypes in the human psyches.
Then again, yet certain other Americans are mainlining The Addicted Lover “shadow” form of one or the other Lover archetype in the human psyche, but The Impotent Lover “shadow” form of other Lover archetype in the human psyche.
In short, few Americans today have learned how to access the energies of the one optimal form of the masculine Lover archetype and the one optimal form of the feminine lover archetype in the human psyche.
Now, for an accessible account of Robert Moore’s psychological theory, see Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette’s 1990 book King, Warrior, Magician, Lover: Rediscovering the Archetypes of the Mature Masculine.
For further discussion of the masculine Lover archetype in the human psyche, see Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette’s 1993 book The Lover Within: Accessing the Lover [Archetype] in the Male Psyche.
Now, I do want to make it clear here that my critique of the Roman Catholic Church’s moral vision of individual personal development does not extend to Catholic social teaching. In general, I have no serious argument with Catholic social teaching.
For further discussion of Catholic social teaching, see the English lay theologian Anna Rowlands’ 2021 book Towards a Politics of Communion: Catholic Social Teaching in Dark Times.
Nevertheless, the doctrinally conservative Pope Francis endeared himself to liberals in the Western world immeasurably when he issued his 2015 eco-encyclical Laudato Si’ (which is available in English and other languages at the Vatican’s website).
It is the most widely read papal encyclical ever written in the history of papal encyclicals.
Good for the bold doctrinally conservative Pope Francis!
Three cheers for the bold doctrinally conservative Pope Francis:
Bravo!
Bravo!
Bravo!
Now, on October 24, 2024, the bold doctrinally conservative Pope Francis issued a new encyclical titled in Latin Dilexit Nos (“He Loved Us”; see Romans 8:37). When I printed out the pope’s new 2024 encyclical, the printout ran to 66 single-spaced pages, which is comparatively short for an encyclical.
But don’t mistake the encyclical’s comparative brevity to mean that it is easy to read. To get an overview of the names you will encounter in the text, I would urge you to start your reading of the document by looking over the names and titles in the endnotes, which run from page 55 to page 66.
In any event, I am sure that Pope Francis’ new 2024 encyclical will not be as widely read as his 2015 eco-encyclical was. Let me note here some of the reasons for this.
As we might expect, Pope Francis’ text is peppered with quotations from the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament. Fine. This is to be expected in any papal encyclical.
Now, both the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament were written in residual forms of primary oral culture.
The American Jesuit scholar Walter J. Ong is famous for distinguishing ancient forms of primary oral culture from our contemporary secondary oral culture produced by the communications media that accentuate sound (e.g., television, radio, telephone, tape-recordings and the like).
Taking hints from Ong’s various publications, I have discussed secondary orality in my 1991 essay “Secondary Orality and Consciousness Today” in the well-organized anthology titled Media, Consciousness and Culture: Explorations of Walter Ong’s Thought, edited by Bruce E. Gronbeck, Thomas J. Farrell, and Paul A. Soukup (1991).
Regarding consciousness today, also see the Jungian psychoanalyst Edward C. Whitmont’s book titled Return of the Goddess (1982).
Yes, there is a connection between what Ong refers to as our contemporary secondary oral culture, which is a worldwide contemporary development, on the one hand, and, on the other, what Whitmont refers to as the return of the goddess in the human psyche today. Yes, what Whitmont refers to as the return of the goddess in the human psyche today is almost certainly a worldwide phenomenon, but Whitmont only discusses our contemporary Western world.
Because I have already noted above that the Roman Catholic Church is a worldwide organization and that the porn industry today is worldwide, I would also now note here that secondary oral culture today is worldwide, and, most likely, so is the return of the goddess in the human psyche.
Now, Ong’s most accessible book is Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982), which has been translated into twelve other languages.
Ong’s original exploration of orality and literacy can be found in his massively researched 1958 book Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (for specific page references, see entry on aural-to-visual shift in the “Index” [p. 396]). Peter Ramus (1515-1572) was a French Renaissance logician and educational reformer and Protest martyr. Ong’s 1958 book is a history of the formal study of logic from the time of Aristotle to the time of Ramus and beyond.
Now, the residually oral thought and expression recorded in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament – both of which Pope Francis quotes in his new 2024 encyclical — has been characterized by the classicist Eric A. Havelock as imagistic thinking in his classic book titled Preface to Plato (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963).
Now, the imagistic thought found in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament is understandably also characteristic of Roman Catholic Christological thought and trinitarian thought – both of which permeate Pope Francis’ text in his new 2024 encyclical. Indeed, Pope Francis’ play of mind in his new 2024 encyclical is impressive – and I found it a bit daunting. For example, he regularly plays with the expressions Jeus’ heart, Christ’s heart, the sacred heart of Jesus. However, if you are not already used to playing with these imagistic terms, you may find his reasoning about them a bit daunting at times, as I did.
Now, as I hinted above in my discussion of the endnotes, Pope Francis also quotes certain saints – not all of whom are familiar names to me.
With these various stipulations in mind, I will now give you are succinct overview of the chapters that make up the text of Pope Francis’ new 2024 encyclical.
Chapter One: “The Importance of the Heart” (paragraphs 2-31; pages 1-9).
Chapter Two: “Actions That Reflect the Heart” (paragraphs 33-46; pages 9-12).
Chapter Three: “This Is the Heart That Has Loved So Greatly” (paragraphs 48-91; pages 12-22).
Chapter Four: “A Love That Gives Itself a Drink” (paragraphs 92-163; pages 22-40).
Chapter Five: “Love for Love” (paragraphs 164-220; pages 40-54).
Now, in Pope Francis’ Chapter One: “The Importance of the Heart,” he devotes a subsection to discussing “What Do We Mean by ‘The Heart’?” (paragraphs 3-8; pages 1-3). In that subsection, Pope Francis operationally defines and explains certain key terms he uses throughout his new 2024 encyclical.
In the next subsection “Returning to the Heart” (paragraphs 9-16), Pope Francis specifies the dimension of the problem today when he says, ”[W]e find ourselves immersed in societies of serial consumers who live from day to day, dominated by the hectic pace and bombarded by technology, lacking the patience needed to engage in the processes that an interior life by its very nature requires.”
Subsequently in the same subsection, in paragraph 23, the doctrinally conservative Pope Francis says, “Whenever a person thinks, questions and reflects on his or her true identity, strives to understand the deeper questions of life and to seek God, or to experience the thrill of catching a glimpse of truth, it leads to the realization that our fulfilment as human beings is found in love. In loving, we sense that we come to know the purpose and goal of our existence in this world. Everything comes together in a state of coherence and harmony. It follows that, in contemplating the meaning of our lives, perhaps the most decisive question we can ask is, ‘Do I have a heart?’”
Now, based on my critique about of the Roman Catholic Church’s moral vision regarding individual person psychological development, I want to assert here that ever since young Jorge Mario Bergoglio took his first vow of chastity as a young Jesuit novice, he has been mainlining The Impotent Lover “shadow” forms of both the masculine Lover archetype and the feminine Lover archetype in his psyche.
Next, I want to single out her the doctrinally conservative pope’s words, quoted above, about “[w]henever a person thinks, questions and reflects on his or her true identity, strives to understand the deeper questions of life and TO SEEK GOD, or to experience the thrill of catching a glimpse of truth, it leads to the realization that our fulfilment as human beings is found in love” (my emphasis here).
Now, I mentioned above the men and women who work in the porn industry, and I pointed out that at least some of them come from a Christian background. I want to now state me point here as starkly as I can: The men and women who work in the porn industry and who come from a Christian background have not necessarily given their Christian desire TO SEEK GOD in and through their porn work.
I know, I know, this may sound outrageous to Christians who have long practiced mainlining The Impotent Lover “shadow” forms of the masculine Lover archetype and The Impotent Lover “shadow” form of the feminine Lover archetype in their psyches.
Now, in the subsequent section titled “The Heart Unites the Fragments” (paragraphs 17-23; pages 5-7), the doctrinally conservative Pope Francis says, “[T]he heart makes possible all authentic bonding possible, since a relationship not shaped by the heart is incapable of overcoming the fragmentation caused by individualism. Two monads may approach one another, but they will never connect. A society dominated by narcissism and self-centeredness will increasingly become ‘heartless.’ This will lead in turn to the ‘loss of desire,’ since as other persons disappear from the horizon, we find ourselves trapped within the walls of our own making, no longer capable of healthy relationships” (paragraph 17; page 5).
The last sentence I have just quoted here is followed by a number in square brackets, signaling an endnote with the corresponding number. When I looked up the endnote, I found a reference to Byung-Chul Han’s 2012 book in German titled Agonie des Eros. It has been translated into English as The Agony of Eros, translated by Erik Butler (2017), with a “Foreword” by Alain Badiou. Pope Francis refers to Byung-Chul Han is three other endnotes.
I found the Wikipedia entry on the prolific “Byung-Chul Han” very informative.
Now, Pope Francis has covered a lot of ground in these sentences. But I now want to return to the example I have been discussing in the present essay of online heterosexual pornography. Clearly, the typical users of online heterosexual pornography do not usually meet the women who perform in the porn videos in person. However, certain pornstars make themselves available to their male fans as escorts who are paid by an hourly rate. But their escort work for hire is designed only for the purpose of giving their male fans the pleasure of meeting them in person and fucking them. There is no question of any meaningful personal relationship being formed between the pornstar/escort and the male fan. Thus, the pope’s words about “other persons disappear[ing] from the horizon” seem to be fulfilled by mutual agreement in the relationship of the pornstar/escort-for-hire and the male fan.
But this now brings me to the pope’s next sentence about “no longer [being] capable of healthy relationships.” In the example I just used, is the pornstar/escort-for-hire “no longer capable of healthy relationships” because she performs with men other than her real-life husband in porn videos, and because she offers her services as a paid-for escort to be fucked by any of her male fans who want to pay her hourly rate to fuck her?
Well, as I have here framed these questions, I cannot offer any general answers.
However, one of the most famous pornstars I know of today owns and operates her own studio with her real-life husband. Yes, she has made numerous porn videos with her real-life husband playing various roles as he proceeds to fuck her on camera. In addition, both she and her real-life husband have performed with other sex partners in other porn videos.
Now, the pornstar in question also offers her services as a paid-for escort for the hourly rate of $2,500, as a service to her many male fans who want to fuck her. However, I have no idea how many of her many male fans have paid her hourly rate of $2,500 for the privilege of fucking her.
Incidentally, she employs the services of a pornstar escort agency to clear all applicants for her escort services. The agency has a website that features both female and male porn performers by their stage names and also features photos of them.
But back to the main point. The pope may maintain that her sexual relationships with partners other than her real-life husband are not healthy relationships. For the sake of discussion, I could agree with that much. But nobody in their right mind would expect sex partners in porn videos to represent healthy relationships. Granted, they are indeed truly sexual relationships. But it strikes me as cavalier to characterize all such relationships as unhealthy – unless you want to advance the argument that all sexual relationships in porn videos are unhealthy. But this line of argument strikes me as manifesting The Impotent Lover “shadow” forms of the masculine Lover archetype and the feminine Lover archetype in the human psyche.
But I want to comment further about this way of characterizing the relationship of the users of online heterosexual pornography, on the one hand, and, on the other, the men and women who perform sex acts in online heterosexual porn videos. Many of the men and women who perform sex acts in online heterosexual porn videos frequently post messages for their fans to read on various social media accounts – as do millions of other people, including many famous actors and actresses who perform in movies and on television shows. Some men and women in online heterosexual porn videos also maintain email accounts that their fans can use to contact them, as do many actors and actresses – and many ordinary people who do not have fans or receive fan mail.
When we become fans of a certain actor or actress, including a certain porn actor or actress, we tend to be infatuated with that person to one degree or another. Our infatuation is an expression of our love – that is, an expression of our eros — for that person. However, as fans, we do not expect to enter some kind of mutual personal relationship with the other person – or enter into a sexual relationship with that person. We are just fans of that other person – who may be a person who performs sex acts in online heterosexual porn videos.
In other words, the relationship between a fan and the person that the infatuated fan is in love with is not intended by the fan to be an I-thou relationship. But from the standpoint of the infatuated fan, the relationship is something more than an I-it relationship.
But it strikes me as cavalier to characterize our relationships as fans of another person as unhealthy. If the relationships of fans to the person that they are infatuated with are supposedly unhealthy, what exactly makes them unhealthy? Pope Francis is silent about what supposedly would make such relationships unhealthy.
Are our relationships as fans less than optimal human relationships? Yes, they are.
However, if we are going to declare that something less than optimal is unhealthy, then I have to declare here that Pope Francis’ personal psychological development, as measured by Rober Moore’s account of optimal human psychological development, is less than fully and completely optimal. But I am not also going to declare here that as a result of Pope Francis’ less than optimal personal psychological development, he is “unhealthy.” No thanks, I am not going to say that.
(Even though the woman and her real-life husband, and their studio, and their website, are fairly widely known, I am reluctant to use their stage names in the present essay. In the present essay, I am not trying to promote their work in the porn industry. Besides that, even though their stage names may be familiar with their many fans, neither of them is famous enough to merit a Wikipedia entry – such as the Wikipedia entry about the extremely well known Jenna Jameson.)
Now, also in the subsection “The Heart United the Fragments,” Pope Francis emphasizes that “acknowledg[ing] others.” He says, “We become ourselves only to the extent that we acquire the ability to acknowledge other, while only those who can acknowledge and accept themselves are then able to encounters others” (paragraph 18; page 5).
The pope’s observations here call to mind the literary critic Warwick Wadlington’s discussion of acknowledgment and recognition in his 1987 book Reading Faulknerian Tragedy.
Now, in the subsection titled “A Love That Is Tangible” (paragraphs 59-63); pages 14-16), Pope Francis says in paragraph 63, “here, we can benefit from the thoughts of a theologian who maintains that ‘dues to the influence of Greek thought, [Catholic] theology long relegated the body and feelings to the world of pre-human or subhuman or potentially inhuman; yet what [Catholic] theology did not resolve in theory, [Catholic] spirituality resolved in practice. This [resolution in practice], together with popular piety, preserved the relationship with the corporal, psychological and historical reality of Jesus. The Stations of the Cross, devotion to Christ’s wounds, his Precious Blood and his Sacred Heart, and a variety of Eucharistic devotions . . . all bridged the gaps in theology by nourishing our hearts and imagination, our tender love of Christ, out hope and memory, our desires and feelings. Reason and logic took other directions.”
According to endnote 41, Pope Francis is here quoting an edition of a book in Spanish by the prolific Spanish priest and theologian known as Olegario Gonzalez de Cardedal (born on October 2, 1934; doctorate in theology, University of Munich 1964). (I am here drawing certain information from the Wikipedia entry about him.)
Ah, but I want to dwell here on the opening words that the pope quotes: “‘due to the influence of Greek thought, [Catholic] theology long relegated the body and feelings to the world of the pre-human or sub-human or potentially inhuman.’”
Yes, it is true enough the Catholic spirituality did resolve the issue of feelings in practice. For example, Ignatian spirituality famously urges Jesuits and others to attend carefully to the interior movements and feelings they experience in their psyches.
However, I would argue here that Catholic moral theology regarding individual personal moral and psychological development has not to this day resolved issues involving the body and bodily pleasures (e.g., the pleasure of masturbation – which millions of young boys and men of all ages worldwide engage in with the visual-aural assistance of heterosexual pornography online). The enormous audience of users of online heterosexual pornography suggests to me that millions of young boys and men of all ages today are finding bodily pleasure with the assistance of visual-aural stimulation on a scale and to a degree unprecedented in human history. Yes, visual-aural sexual stimulation is indeed truly not the same as personal heterosexual sexual stimulation. Nobody is claiming that it is. Nevertheless, it strikes me as cavalier to just dismiss online heterosexual pornography and its attendant bodily pleasures for millions of young boys and men of all ages on the grounds that it is not the same as personal heterosexual sexual stimulation.
For a more general discussion of the body in Western cultural history, see Stephen Greenblatt’s 2017 book titled The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve.
Now, in different places in the text of Pope Francis’ new 2024 encyclical, he states the contemporary problem that he is addressing in the encyclical.
In paragraph 84, Pope Francis says, “Amid the frenetic pace of today’s world and our obsession with free time, consumption and diversion, cell phones and social media, we [Roman Catholics] forget to nourish our lives with the strength of the Eucharist” (his capitalization).
In paragraph 87, Pope Francis says, “It could be argued that today, in place of Jansenism, we [Roman Catholics] find ourselves before a powerful wave of secularization that seeks to build a world free of God. In our societies, we are also seeing a proliferation of varied forms of religiosity that have nothing to do with a personal relationship with the God of love, but are new manifestations of a disembodied spirituality. I must [also] warn that within the Church, too, a baneful Jansenist dualism has re-emerged in new forms.”
The classic study of secularization is the Canadian Catholic philosopher Charles Taylor’s book A Secular Age (2007).
In paragraph 89, Pope Francis says, “Once we succumb to these attitudes, so widespread in our day, we tend to lose all desire to be cured of them.”
In conclusion, Pope Francis’ new 2024 encyclical is deeply rooted in the Roman Catholic tradition of spirituality and theological thought. The pope’s play of mind in this encyclical is impressive as he delineates his thought about the key images that he discusses at length.
But your guess is as good as mine as to how well the pope’s new 2024 encyclical will be received by practicing Catholics around the world today.
References
Anonymous. (2024). Byung-Chul Han. Wikipedia URL: https://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Byung-Chul-Han
Anonymous. (2024). Jenna Jameson. Wikipedia URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Jameson
Anonymous. (2024). Olegario Gonzalez de Cardedal. Wikipedia URL: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olegario_Gonzalez_de_Cardedal
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